In recent decades, significant developments, such as rising education levels, the increasing mobility of people and goods, European integration and globalization, or the development of social media transformed our democracies and the modes of expression of citizenship, in Europe in particular. Through theoretical and empirical tools of political sociology, this course aims to provide understanding of these current transformations. Like any social science, political sociology mobilizes competing paradigms that guide the measure and explanation of the democratic phenomena under scrutiny. This course aims to give an account of some of the central controversies of the discipline surrounding the issues of democracy and citizenship in contemporary societies, in a globalized world.